Horizontal magnetic recording media having grains of chemically-ordered FEPT of COPT

ABSTRACT

A horizontal magnetic recording medium that has as its magnetic film a granular film with grains of a chemically-ordered FePt or FePtX (or CoPt or CoPtX) alloy in the tetragonal L1 0  structure uses an etched seed layer beneath the granular film. The granular magnetic film reveals a very high magnetocrystalline anisotropy within the individual grains. The film is produced by sputtering from a single alloy target or cosputtering from several targets. The granular structure and the chemical ordering are controlled by means of sputter parameters, e.g., temperature and deposition rate, and by the use of the etched seed layer that provides a structure for the subsequently sputter-deposited granular magnetic film. The structure of the seed layer is obtained by sputter etching, plasma etching, ion irradiation, or laser irradiation. The magnetic properties, i.e., H c  and areal moment density M r  t, are controlled by the granularity (grain size and grain distribution), the degree of chemical ordering, and the addition of one or more nonmagnetic materials, such as Cr, Ag, Cu, Ta, or B. The resulting granular magnetic film has magnetic properties suitable for application in high-density, horizontal magnetic recording media.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application is related to concurrently filed application Ser. No.08/920,550 filed Aug. 29.1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,007,623.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This invention relates generally to horizontal magnetic recording media,and more particularly to a media with chemically-ordered alloys of FePtor CoPt.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Conventional magnetic recording media for horizontal recording, such ashexagonal-close-packed (HCP) cobalt-platinum (CoPt) alloys, are unableto achieve recording densities above approximately 2-5 Gbit/in². Anhistoric trend has been to require reduced magnetic areal moment density(M_(r) t) and increased coercivity (H_(c)) to achieve recording athigher recording densities. High-density recording media also need tohave exchange decoupled particles or grains. Smaller grains are requiredat higher densities for reduced intrinsic media noise to obtain a highersignal-to-noise ratio in the readback data. Thus, high-density recordingmedia require both a reduced M_(r) t and a reduced grain size.

Bulk tetragonal L1₀ -ordered phase materials (also called CuAumaterials), such as CoPt and FePt, are known for their highmagnetocrystalline anisotropy and magnetic moment, properties that arealso desirable for high-density magnetic recording media. The C-axis ofthe L1₀ phase is similar to the C-axis of HCP CoPt alloys in that bothare the easy axis of magnetization. Thus, while the disorderedface-centered-cubic (FCC) solid solution of Co and Pt has cubic symmetryand low magnetic anisotropy, the ordered L1₀ phase has uniaxialanisotropy similar to, but greater in magnitude than, HCP CoPt alloys.

Previous studies on the L1₀ phase of FePt have concentrated mainly onthe epitaxial growth of highly chemically-ordered films grown bymolecular beam epitaxy. Several studies dedicated to the application ofsputter-deposited, chemically-ordered alloys of FePt and CoPt as thinfilms for horizontal magnetic recording media describe the requirementfor a relatively high-temperature post-deposition annealing to achievethe chemical ordering. These are described in Coffey et al., "HighAnisotropy L1₀ Thin Films for Longitudinal Recording", IEEE Transactionson Magnetics, Vol. 31, No. 6, November 1995, pp. 2737-2739; and Watanabeet al., "Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of High-Coercive Fe-PtAlloy Thin Films", Materials Transactions, JIM, Vol. 37, No. 3, 1996,pp. 489-493. This post-deposition annealing process results in anincrease of the grain size from about 10 nm in the as-deposited films toabout 30 nm in the annealed films. Due to this larger grain size, thesefilms have shown rather poor recording properties, in particular a lowsignal-to-noise ratio. In addition, the high-temperature annealingprocess is not compatible with existing magnetic recording mediafabrication processes and materials.

What is needed is a horizontal magnetic recording media with a granularfilm of chemically-ordered, high magnetocrystalline anisotropy FePt orCoPt with a small grain size that can be manufactured withoutpost-deposition annealing.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention is a horizontal magnetic recording medium that has as itsmagnetic film a granular film with grains of a chemically-ordered FePtor FePtX (or CoPt or CoPtX) alloy in the tetragonal L1₀ structure. Thesegranular films reveal a very high magnetocrystalline anisotropy withinthe individual grains. The film is produced by sputtering from a singlealloy target or cosputtering from several targets. The granularstructure and the chemical ordering are controlled by means of sputterparameters, e.g., temperature and deposition rate, and by the use of anetched seed layer that provides a structure for the subsequentlysputter-deposited granular magnetic film. The structure of the seedlayer is obtained by sputter etching, plasma etching, ion irradiation,or laser irradiation. The magnetic properties, i.e., H_(c) and arealmoment density M_(r) t, are controlled by the granularity (grain sizeand grain distribution), the degree of chemical ordering, and theaddition of one or more nonmagnetic materials, such as Cr, Ag, Cu, Ta,or B. These nonmagnetic materials are partly incorporated into thegrains, but mainly accumulate at the grain boundaries. The role of thenonmagnetic material is thus to "dilute" the magnetization and todecouple the magnetic exchange between the grains. The resultinggranular magnetic film has magnetic properties suitable for applicationin high-density, horizontal magnetic recording media and is superior tocurrently used HCP CoPt alloys in terms of achievable coercivity,thermal stability, and minimum magnetically stable grain size (and thussignal/noise ratio).

For a fuller understanding of the nature and advantages of the presentinvention, reference should be made to the following detaileddescription taken together with the accompanying figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1a is a schematic diagram of an artificial intermetallicsuperlattice.

FIG. 1b is a schematic diagram of a natural intermetallic superlattice.

FIGS. 2a-2h are atomic force microscope (AFM) images of the etched seedlayer and corresponding FePt layer for seed layers etched for differentdurations.

FIGS. 3a-3b are magnetic hysteresis curves, based on measured Kerrangles, for granular Fe₄₅ Pt₄₅ Cr₁₀ magnetic films formed on etchedsubstrates of Cr and Pt, respectively.

FIG. 4 shows in-plane coercivity of 10 nm thick Fe₄₅ Pt₄₅ Cr₁₀ sputteredfilms on nominally 5 nm thick Cr seed layers as a function of seed layeretch time.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Prior Art

As described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,363,794, superlattices consist ofalternating layers of two different materials with each layer typicallybeing more than a single atomic layer thick. Referring to FIG. 1a, thereis shown a superlattice 10 in which a pair of metals 6, 8 have beendeposited on a substrate 16 to form epitaxially related layers 12, 14separated by an interface 4. The orientations of metal layers 12, 14 aredetermined by the crystal structure of substrate 16, as well as thecrystal structure of the pure metals 6, 8. Layers 12, 14 of superlattice10 are shown having FCC structures with crystal direction [001] orientednormal to layers 12, 14. Superlattices 10 of the type shown in FIG. 1amay be assembled from metal pairs such as FePt, CoPt, FeNi, FePd, NiPd,NiPt, PdCo, and CoNi.

Referring now to FIG. 1b, there is shown the tetragonal L1₀ crystalstructure 20 of certain natural intermetallic superlattices such as FePtand CoPt. In tetragonal FePt, Fe and Pt atoms together form a structuresimilar to the FCC structure in which planes of Pt atoms 22 and planesof Fe atoms 24 alternate along the [001] direction. The resultingstructure is termed L1₀ and corresponds to a superlattice 10 (FIG. 1a)in the limit that each layer 12, 14 is a single atomic plane thick. Anaxis 26 perpendicular to atomic planes 22, 24 corresponds to the C-axisof L1₀ structure 20, and is parallel to the [001] direction. A pair ofaxes 28 are parallel to atomic planes 22, 24 and correspond to theA-axes of the L1₀ structure 20. Thus, the L1₀ structure is uniaxial withthe unique axis corresponding to the C-axis 26. The magnetic moments ofCoPt and FePt are preferentially aligned along the C-axis.Single-crystalline films, such as those made of tetragonal L1₀crystalline FePt and CoPt, can be grown only on adequate singlecrystalline substrates, e.g., MgO or sapphire, which are undesirable asdisk substrates because of high cost and mechanical instability.Further, in order to suppress noise, a fine granular recording materialis required. A typical requirement is approximately 100-1000 grains perbit cell. A single crystalline material is clearly unsuitable in thisrespect, as there would be only approximately 1 grain per bit cell.

Granular metallic thin films formed of discrete grains ofchemically-ordered, highly anisotropic FePt or FePtX (or CoPt or CoPtX)(where X=Cr, Cu, Ag, Ta, or B) are capable of serving as a low-noise,high-density, and high magnetic stability horizontal magnetic recordingmedium. Due to the very high magnetic anisotropy of thechemically-ordered, tetragonally-distorted FePt and CoPt L1₀ phase, theenergy barrier for "spontaneous" thermal magnetization reversal ishigher (by a factor of about 10) than in conventional HCP CoPtCrY alloys(where Y=B or Ta, for example). This results in a smaller minimum grainsize for magnetically stable grains, and thus a better signal-to-noiseratio and ultimately a higher maximum areal recording density for FePtXand CoPtX based alloys. The ultimate limit for magnetic recording, the"superparamagnetic limit", is higher by a factor of about 10 for FePtXas compared to the currently used HCP Co-based alloys.

Preferred Embodiments

The granular FePtX and CoPtX films are prepared by RF or DC magnetronsputter deposition onto etched nonmagnetic seed layers. Crucialparameters are the substrate temperature, which influences mainly thechemical ordering, and the surface features of the nonmagnetic seedlayer, which influence mainly the granularity and the structuralproperties of the magnetic layer. To deposit the magnetic material ingranular form, the seed layer, which is preferably formed of Pt, Cr,CrV, SiN, or alloys of NiAl(B₂), FeAl(B₂) and CrMn, is etched to form atextured structure for the magnetic layer.

While Pt and Cr are the preferred seed layers, other materials are alsoacceptable. The seed layer generally provides a buffer between thesubstrate and the magnetic layer. It acts to control the quality(smoothness) of the surface, provides a chemical barrier and controlsthe surface crystallography and morphology for the subsequent growth ofthe magnetic layer. Seed layer structures can comprise several layers,including metals and insulators. The wetting and crystallographicproperties of the seed layer are important properties for the growth ofthe FePt and CoPt L1₀ crystalline grains. Since film growth occurs atelevated temperatures (approximately 500° C.), the interfacial chemistryand interdiffusion of the seed layer needs to be controlled. Seed layersof Pt and Cr are thus suitable since these elements also occur aselements in the magnetic media film. B₂ structures, like FeAl and NiAl,are conceivably suitable, because they are known to formcrystallographic templates for the growth of C-axis in-plane orientedmedia films, as described by Li Lien Lee, D. E. Laughlin, and D. N.Lambeth, J. Appl. Phys. 81, 4366 (1997).

The etching of the seed layer creates textured surface features and ispreferably done by sputter etching with Argon (Ar) or other noble gasessuch as He, Ne, Kr, and Xe, or by using RF or DC plasma, ion beam, orlaser irradiation and reduces the thickness of the seed layer down toapproximately 1-10 nm. The granular magnetic film is then sputterdeposited onto this textured seed layer while the substrate ismaintained at an elevated temperature in the range of 250-700° C. Thegrowing magnetic film follows the structure of the seed layer in theuseful thickness range (approximately 5-100 nm), and grows into columnsor grains with a diameter given mainly by the size of the features onthe etched or structured seed layer. Within these individual columns orgrains the FePtX or CoPtX material remains chemically ordered, thuspreserving the favorable properties, i.e., the high anisotropy and highmagnetization, of the tetragonal crystalline material.

The important macroscopic magnetic properties of the granular magneticfilm, i.e., H_(c) and M_(r) t, can be adapted to the desired need forthe particular media by variation of one or more of the parameters ofthe FePt or CoPt material. These parameters include film thickness,substrate temperature, deposition rate, sputtering gas pressure, andfilm granularity. The film granularity is primarily controlled by theamount of etching of the seed layer.

A nonmagnetic third element X (where X=Cr, Cu, Ag, Ta, or B) can beadded to the granular magnetic film. The element X is nonmagnetic and ispresent up to approximately 30 atomic percent. The element X does notalter the chemical ordering of the FePt or CoPt in the individualgrains. It will become partly incorporated into the grains, but mainlywill be accumulating at the grain boundaries. It thus acts to both"dilute" the magnetization of the granular film and to decouple themagnetic exchange between the grains in the film.

The resulting granular material of the present invention has magneticproperties suitable for high-density, horizontal, magnetic recordingmedia and is superior to currently used HCP CoPt alloys in terms ofachievable coercivity, thermal stability, and minimum magneticallystable grain size (and thus signal/noise ratio). Moreover, the granularfilm is achieved without the need for subsequent annealing, which wasrequired in the prior art to achieve the chemical ordering. Annealinghas been found to increase the grain size, which is undesirable ifhigh-density recording media is to be attained.

The granular magnetic films according to the present invention were madein the following manner. Fused silica substrates were used. These were0.02 in. thick, double sided polished substrates available from BostonPiezo-Optics Incorporated. However, other suitable substrates includeglass; a base, such as aluminum-magnesium (AlMg) alloy, with anickel-phosphorus (NiP) surface coating; a base, such as silicon (Si),with a silicon-nitride (SiN) surface coating; and single crystallinemagnesium oxide (MgO). The fused silica substrates were first cleaned indilute sulfuric acid, then rinsed in distilled water and alcohol vapor.The clean substrates were then placed in a high-vacuum (approximately10⁻⁸ Torr) sputtering chamber and the temperature of the substrates wasraised to approximately 500° C. The sputtering gas (Ar) pressure wasmaintained at approximately 5 to 10 mTorr. Different seed layers ofplatinum and chromium were used as the two types of seed layers and weregrown on the glass substrates up to approximately 500Å in thickness. Theseed layers were then sputter etched with Ar for different lengths oftime. Next, FePt films were sputter deposited onto the etched seedlayers from a single target of Fe₅₀ Pt₅₀. In addition, other granularfilms were made with a third element forming the magnetic film, inparticular, a single target of Fe₄₅ Pt₄₅ Cr₁₀ was used.

FIGS. 2a-2h are AFM images that depict the effect of the amount ofsputter etching of the seed layer on the grain size of the subsequentlydeposited granular FePt films. The AFM images show the X-Y scandimensions in nm and the depth or Z-direction by the gray scale to theright of each image. In the samples for which the data is illustrated inFIGS. 2a-2h, the initial thickness of the Pt seed layer wasapproximately 5 nm and sputter etching was done for four separatedurations: 12 seconds (FIG. 2a), 18 seconds (FIG. 2c), 42 seconds (FIG.2e), and 60 seconds (FIG. 2g). As can be seen from FIGS. 2a, 2c, 2e and2g, the amount of etching increases the extent of texturing anddecreases the size of the features on the seed layer. This in turn has adirect effect on the range of grain diameter of the subsequentlydeposited FePt layer. The AFM images of FIGS. 2b, 2d, 2f and 2h show acorresponding decrease in the grain size of the FePt layer, which wasdeposited in all three cases to a thickness of approximately 50 nm. Therange of grain diameter of the FePt measured from the AFM images is notmeasurable for an etch time of 12 seconds, is about 10-35 nm for an etchtime of 18 seconds, 10-14 nm for an etch time of 42 seconds, and 9-11 nmfor an etch time of 60 seconds. An average grain size of less thanapproximately 15 nm is important for high density recording. The Z-scalefor the AFM image of FIG. 2g is of interest in that it shows that arelatively large portion of the initial seed layer has been removed,leaving spaced-apart columns or needle-like structures extending fromthe substrate. This etched seed layer structure, even though it can nolonger be characterized as a continuous film, encourages growth of theFePt layer into discrete grains with relatively small diameters.

The important properties of the etched seed layer are the regularity ofthe features of the surface and their size distribution, because bothdirectly influence the size and the size distribution of the FePt orCoPt grains grown on the seed layer. For achieving chemical ordering themain parameter is the substrate temperature. The temperature of thesubstrate should be maintained in the range of approximately 250 to 700°C. Data on forming single-crystalline FePt films by molecular beamepitaxy have shown that the optimum temperature for chemical ordering isapproximately 500° C. At temperature ranges between 250-500° C. and500-700°C. only partial chemical ordering occurs. The substrate can beheated either before or after etching of the seed layer, so long as theelevated temperature is maintained while the FePt or CoPt film is beingsputter deposited.

The role of the etching process is to provide the desired grain size ata given substrate temperature. For the grain size of the magnetic layerto be on the order of approximately 10 nm, the observed average featurediameter of the seed layer is observed to be somewhat larger than 10 nm,as can be seen in FIGS. 2e-2f. The resulting roughness of the topsurface of the disk, i.e., the protective carbon overcoat formed overthe magnetic layer, has to be smooth enough to be compatible with therequired very low flying heights of the air-bearing slider that supportsthe read/write head. The typical average peak-to-valley roughness of thefilms made according to the present invention is on the order ofapproximately 1 nm.

In the process of the present invention, grain sizes of about 10 nm andsmaller consisting of chemically-ordered FePt in the L1₀ structure arereadily achieved without the need for post-deposition annealing.

FIGS. 3a-3b represent the coercivity and magnetic properties S and S*for the granular magnetic films made by the present invention withoutthe need for subsequent annealing. As shown in FIG. 3a, when an etchedCr seed layer is used, the Fe₄₅ Pt₄₅ Cr₁₀ granular film with thechemically-ordered grains has a coercivity of 2500 Oe, and S and S* are0.70 and 0.75, respectively. As shown in FIG. 3b, when a similarlyetched Pt seed layer is used for the same type of granular magneticfilm, the coercivity is 4800 Oe and S and S* are 0.80 and 0.85,respectively.

The parameters S and S*, given for the two samples in FIGS. 3a-3b, arederived from hysteresis loop measurements. S is called the "remanentsquareness" and is defined as the ratio of the remanent magnetization,i. e., the magnetization at zero external field, to the saturationmagnetization. It ranges between 0 and 1. A high value of S is desirableto obtain a high readback signal. S* is called the "loop squareness". Itis related to the slope of the magnetization curve at the coercive fieldH_(c) and also ranges from 0 to 1. A high value of S*, equivalent to asteep slope, is desirable to obtain sharp bit transitions. The values ofS and S* given in FIGS. 3a-3b were derived from the in-plane hysteresisloops, shown as solid lines. Also included in FIGS. 3a-3b, as dottedlines, are out-of-plane magnetization measurements. Out-of-planecomponents arise from grains that are not perfectly oriented in-plane.Better grain C-axis in-plane orientation was found for the case of theCr underlayers (FIG. 3a).

X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements confirmed the trend observed inFIGS. 3a-3b, namely that predominant C-axis in-plane behavior isindicated by a strong (002) XRD peak for the Cr underlayer case (FIG.3a), whereas a tilted C-axis behavior as indicated by a (111) XRD peakis found for the case of the Pt underlayer (FIG. 3b). Even though theC-axis is tilted out of the plane in the latter case by about 36degrees, the main component, i.e., 80% corresponding to cos (36 deg), ofthe magnetization remains in the plane of the film, thus making this asuitable horizontal magnetic recording material. XRD has alsodemonstrated the presence of chemical ordering within the grains. Thisis indicated by the presence of additional superlattice reflections,i.e., (001) and (003) peaks in addition to the common (002) peak.

FIG. 4 shows the in-plane coercivity of 10 nm thick Fe₄₅ Pt₄₅ Cr₁₀sputtered films on nominally 5 nm thick Cr seed layers as a function ofseed layer etch time. The Cr seed layers were electron beam evaporatedto the 5 nm thickness and then ion beam etched with Ar for the timesindicated.

In the preferred embodiment of the chemically-ordered film, the Pt andFe or Co are present in generally equiatomic amounts, i.e., when theatomic percentage of either the first or second element is present in atwo-element film in the range of approximately 35-65 atomic percent. Theexistence range in compositions of intermetallic compounds (orderedintermetallic phases like FePt, CoPt etc.) is generally fairly broad,approximately +/-15%. This has to do with the weak nature of themetallic bond, as compared with the ionic bond in semiconductors wheretypically only very narrow "line" compounds can be formed. The weakmetallic bond allows for segregation and diffusion. Thus one of the mostcommon interpretations of the compositional spread is the localformation of disordered material. Thus, deviation from purely equiatomic50:50 composition will result in the coexistence of ordered(magnetically hard) and disordered (magnetically soft) materials.Accordingly, if a typical XRD measurement of the samples depicted inFIGS. 3a-3b indicates a chemical order parameter of 70% it means thatabout 30% of the sample volume exists locally in the disordered phase.An ordering of 70% is more than sufficient to generate the desiredmagnetic properties. In fact full chemical ordering/anisotropy of thematerial may not be desirable as it may prohibit writing because it maynot be possible to generate a strong enough write field with the currenttypes of read/write heads. Also, the general scheme of horizontalmagnetic recording media is to have a compositionally inhomogeneoussystem where components such as Cr segregate to the grain boundaries andinduce exchange decoupling between adjacent grains. This is a verydesired and necessary effect.

The preferred first element in the granular chemically-ordered film isPt. However, the present invention is also fully applicable withpalladium (Pd) as the first element. This is because FePd grown undersimilar conditions can form the same L1₀ structure as FePt. Thismaterial is known to have an about 10 times weaker magneto-crystallineanisotropy than FePt but it is still considerably larger than that ofpure Co or the conventional hexagonal CoPtCrX media.

While the present invention has been particularly shown and describedwith reference to the preferred embodiments, it will be understood bythose skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may bemade without departing from the spirit, scope, and teaching of theinvention. Accordingly, the disclosed invention is to be consideredmerely as illustrative and limited in scope only as specified in theappended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A horizontal magnetic recording mediumcomprising:a substrate; an etched seed layer of nonmagnetic materialselected from the group consisting of Pt, Pd, Cr, CrV, SiN, NiAl(B₂)alloy, FeAl(B₂) alloy, and CrMn alloy, the etched seed layer being astructure of discontinuous columns of nonmagnetic seed layer materialformed directly on the substrate; a granular film formed directly on theetched seed layer and comprising a first element selected from the groupconsisting of Pt or Pd and a second element selected from the groupconsisting of Co and Fe, the individual grains of the granular filmcomprising generally equiatomic amounts of said first element and saidsecond element and having a substantially tetragonal crystallinestructure with the main component of the C-axis and thereby themagnetization being in the plane of the film.
 2. The medium of claim 1wherein the substrate is selected from the group consisting of glass,MgO, quartz, silicon, a base with a NiP surface coating, and a base witha silicon nitride surface film.
 3. The medium of claim 1 wherein thefirst element is present in the granular film in the compositional rangeof approximately 35 to 65 atomic percent.
 4. The medium of claim 1wherein the etched seed layer has a thickness in the range ofapproximately 1-10 nm.
 5. The medium of claim 1 wherein the granularfilm has an average individual grain size of less than approximately 15nm.
 6. The medium of claim 1 wherein the granular film further comprisesa third element selected from the group consisting of Cr, Ag, Cu, Ta,and B.
 7. A magnetic recording disk for horizontal magnetic recordingcomprising:a disk substrate; a sputter etched seed layer formed directlyon the substrate as a plurality of spaced-apart columnar structures ofnonmagnetic material selected from the group consisting of Pt, Pd, Cr,CrV, SiN, NiAl(B₂) alloy, FeAl(B₂) alloy, and CrMn alloy, the etchedseed layer having a thickness in the range of approximately 1-10 nm ;and a film formed directly on the etched seed layer and comprisinggenerally equiatomic amounts of a first element of Pt or Pd and a secondelement of Co or Fe, the film having discrete magnetic grains of agenerally chemically-ordered alloy of said first element and said secondelement, said chemically-ordered alloy in the magnetic grains having asubstantially tetragonal crystalline structure with the main componentof the C-axis and thereby the magnetization being in the plane of thefilm, the tetragonal crystalline structure in the grains being presentafter sputter deposition and without subsequent annealing.
 8. The diskof claim 7 wherein the substrate is selected from the group consistingof glass, MgO, quartz, silicon, silicon nitride, a base with a NiPsurface coating, and a base with a SiN surface film.
 9. The disk ofclaim 7 wherein the discrete grains of the magnetic film have an averagegrain size of less than approximately 15 nm.
 10. The disk of claim 7wherein the magnetic film further comprises a third element selectedfrom the group consisting of Cr, Ag, Cu, Ta, and B.
 11. The disk ofclaim 7 wherein the first element is present in the granular film in thecompositional range of approximately 35 to 65 atomic percent.